Vitamin A forms

Vitamin A exists in several relative forms:

• retinol (alcohol, Vitamin A1)
• degidroretinol (Vitamin A2)
• retinal (retinen, vitamin A-trichloroacetaldehyde)
• retinol acid (vitamin A acid)
• ethers of these substances and their isomers

Vitamin K deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency is uncommon in healthy adults. Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by taking anticoagulant drugs, liver damage or disease.

Vitamin K deficiency symptoms are:

• impaired blood clotting
• bruising
• bleeding (nosebleeds)
• blood in the urine
• blood in the stool
• heavy menstrual bleeding

Vitamin K deficiency can eventually lead to intracranial hemorrhage (life-threatening bleeding in the skull)

Vitamin K dosage (AI)

Recommended daily allowance isn't defined for Vitamin K.

The adequate Intake (AI) for Vitamin K:

• 0-6 months male and female 2 mcg per day
• 7-12 months male and female 2.5 mcg per day
• 1-3 years male and female 30 mcg per day
• 4-8 years male and female 55 mcg per day
• 9-13 years male and female 60 mcg per day
• 14-18 years male and female 75 mcg per day
• 19+ years male 120 mcg per day
• 19+ years female 90 mcg per day
• <18>
• >19 years pregnancy or breastfeeding 90 mcg per day

Sources of Vitamin K

Here is foods rich in Vitamin K:

• cabbage
• cauliflower
• cereals
• green leafy vegetables (spinach)
• soybeans
• oil
• organ meets
• cereals
• kiwi
• banana
• milk
• eggs

Too much Vitamin K

Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) are not toxic in large doses.
Vitamin K3 (menadione) overdose causes oxidant damage to cell membranes and:

• liver toxicity
• jaundice
• hemolytic anemia

No UL (tolerable upper level) had been defined for Vitamin K.

What is Vitamin K?

Vitamin K is fat-soluble vitamin that plays role in blood clotting (coagulation).
There are two common forms of Vitamin K

• Vitamin K1 also known as phylloquinone (synthesized by plants)
• Vitamin K2 also known as menaquinone (synthesized by animals)
• Vitamin K3 also known as menadione

Vitamin K functions are:

• Coagulation (clotting)
• Bone mineralization
  
• Cell growth
• Plays key role in vascular biology

Vitamin E deficiency

Vitamin E deficiency is uncommon in human but can occur in following cases:

• persons with disorders of fat metabolism
• rare genetic anomalies in the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein
• premature
• very low birth weight infants
• persons with Zinc deficiency

Vitamin E deficiency symptoms are:

• ataxia
• nerve degeneration in hands and feet
• decreased sensation to vibration
• paralysis of eye muscles
• nyctalopia (night blindness)